The Africa Project

The Africa Project History

The Africa Project is the result of one person's vision to both record music in the field and network musicians from three countries to benefit the youth of Africa. It started in the fall of 2009 when Joe Baker approached musicians whom he had befriended during the ten years he spent establishing the Bay Recorders Organization (BRO) which is a full-service, mobile audio recording and production company based in San Francisco, California, USA. BRO offers on-site recording, mastering, and duplication to fans and musicians. The premise of The Africa Project was to bring together American musicians to work both on common songs and their own original songs with musicians and their songs from Africa. Joe was able to use his field recording skills for what became a unique, globally influenced project. ?

Joe Baker originally wanted to visit Africa to meet the people his brother Craig Powell had befriended during the 9 years he spent studying wildlife management in Ghana, West Africa. Spending so much time in this country led Craig to develop a deep personal connection to the children of Ghana and ultimately gave rise to a non-profit organization called G.I.V.E. (Ghana Initiate for Valued Education) This organization supports African education by providing scholarship opportunities to children of Ghana.

In 2007, Joe’s father John A. Baker, passed away after a short illness at the age of 76. During his 31 years of dedicated employment as a buyer for Pier 1 Imports, John traveled the world and had been fortunate enough to see the places that Craig wanted to help. Because G.I.V.E. had been created to help the children of the country that Craig loved, one of John's final desires was to make a generous donation to the organization. This donation resulted in the building of a kindergarten and first grade classroom at the Natilla School in Abrafo-Odumasi, Ghana. Joe’s desire to travel to this country deepened as he wanted to personally see the classroom that his father’s money had built and to meet both the children who were now attending that school and Craig’s “Ghana Family” who Joe had been hearing stories about for 10 years. ?

In addition to music being a passion of Joe’s for many years, he has also been a life-long soccer fan. The timing of the 2010 World Cup Soccer Tournament hosted by South Africa was perfect. Through his music contacts, Joe was introduced to Irene Rademaker of Johannesburg, South Africa who connected him with her friend Tu Nokwe. Tu Nokwe was the daughter of the founder of the NCDF (Nokwe Creative Development Foundation), which led to the creation of the first performing arts center in South Africa, the Amajika Center. There are now 26 of these centers, offering after-school tutoring, dance, theatre and music to the children of South Africa. Tu Nokwe appreciated the scope of the Africa Project and her crew made arrangements to hold a two-day music festival at one of the centers in Johannesburg. Seventeen bands and musicians from all over South Africa participated in this gala.? In June 2010 three songs were ready for additional touches by African musicians with whom Joe had booked recording sessions: (1)"Sitting on the Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding, (2) "I'll Fly Away" by Alfred E. Brumely and (3) "Hello To Me," an original song written and donated by Jordan Feinstein. All of the pre-arranged recording sessions were successful and a few spontaneous recording sessions were added, leading to the uniqueness and spirit of the project. While in Africa, Joe recorded a total of 26 bands, 23 musicians and 6 choirs, most of who contributed on the three original songs. ?

Baker returned from his trip with eighteen new songs that were donated by the African musicians who had been recorded during the project. During the fall of 2010, American musicians were added to the three original songs as well as to the new songs brought back from Africa, creating extraordinary compositions from three different countries.

The Africa Project Concept

The CD format of The Africa Project recordings allowed the musicians to have full freedom to explore musical boundaries and to put their own ideas into the songs.
Agent 19, the volunteer audio engineer who did the final mixing, took these suggestions from the new collaborators and created 12 new songs, resulting in a extraordinary musical compilation representing three different countries.
The DVD format allowed each of the 11 volunteer video editors to use the two or three camera angle options that were shot during each of the musicians recording sessions. In addition to the video taken from the sessions, each editor was offered a 300-gig well of "B-Roll" video options that Joe shot while traveling in Ghana. By giving each video editor a blank canvas to present his/her video in this unique way, the songs have a distinction all their own that led to an interesting final visual result of the project.
All of this was captured using a 6 channel mobile audio recording device and 3 video cameras.
?12 songs from 34 musicians, 3 bands and 2 choirs completes the
The Africa Project : bringing together musicians that are worlds apart
~ an international music collaboration aiding African education ~

100% of all profits will be divided equally between
G.I.V.E. (www.giveghana.org) An organization creating educational opportunities in Ghana, West Africa for primary & secondary school age children
and
NCDFoundation - Amajika Performing Art Centers (www.tunokwe.com) A foundation on 26 campuses throughout South Africa offering after school care, tutoring, dance, theater, & music?? ????

I. "Watch Out Girl"
"sokamammyala"
Originally by Momma Nokwe in the 1950 and performed by the cast & indigenous band of "Ishlahla Sobuntu" in the musical,
supported by kzn mec of arts & culture
to promote indigenous instruments & traditional
values in the rural areas of zululand in 4 regions

Momma Nokwe's granddaughter Ayanda recorded her
own arrangement in 2009

Then Momma's youngest daughter, Tu, added a English stanza
(after a jam session & workshop with a musical family of friends in Texas)
then recorded the song while in San Francisco working on vocals for
The Africa Project, 2010.

Tu's vocals recorded August 20, 2010
Studio 352, San Francisco, California

2 country collaboration / 13 musicians

South African musicians
1. Tu Nokwe - main vocals - Johannesburg, South Africa

American musicians
2. Samantha Stollenwerk - second vocals - Santa Monica, California, USA
3. Jordan Feinstein - backing vocals, clavinet keys - San Francisco, California, USA
4. Garrin Benfield - backing vocals & accoustic guitar- San Francisco, California, USA
5. Jeff Coleman - keys - Orinda, California, USA
6. Aaron Kaplan - guitar - Manhattan Beach, California, USA
7. Jeremy Hoenig - conga & lapdrum - San Francisco, California, USA
8. Paul Heralla - conga - San Pedro, California, USA
9. Waahid Jones - shakerie & akirie - Oakland, California, USA
10. Stephen Perkins - newspaper drumset - Los Angeles, California, USA
11. Michael Manring - fretless bass - Oakland, California, USA
12. James Whiton - silent stand up bass - Alameda, California, USA
13. Lucas Carlton - drum trap set - Oakland, California, USA

Zulu translation:
Akusokamanyala(the man with many girls).........that guy is dangerous
Zintombi........girls
Awe hehe.......yeh yeh yeh x2
Anogawla nibheke.......when u plough, watch out
zintombi kunengozi.....girls there is dangerx2
Kulezinsuku zanamuhla.......in the present days
Ukudlala namasoka.......to play with naughty boys
Ukuzibizelusizi.........is to invite danger
Kulezinsuku zanamuhla.....in these present times
ukudlala nama soka......to play with such boys
Ukuzimbelumgodi......is like digging your own grave

II. "Sitting on the dock of the bay"
by Otis Redding
vocals originally recorded December 7, 1967
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
root track recorded April 28, 2010
Studio 352, San Francisco, California, USA
3 country collaboration / 16 musicians

South African musicians
1. Inxs Herman - trap set drums - Johannesburg, South Africa
2. Tu Nokwe - backing vocals - Johannesburg, South Africa
3. Intombendala uBavikile - Umakhweyana - Johannesburg, South Africa

Ghanian musicians
4. Philip Otery Andoh - kitchen drumset - Abrafo Odumasi, Ghana
5. Okutu Moses - kpanlogo drums/congas - Accra, Ghana ?6. Bernard Quashie - gome drum - Accra, Ghana

American musicians
7. Paul Havrella -kazoo - San Pedro, California, USA
8. Jordan Feinstein - piano - San Francisco, California, USA
9. Aaron Kaplan - electric guitar - Manhattan Beach, California, USA
10. John Howland - lapsteel guitar - San Francisco, California, USA
11. Derek Bodkin - whistle & banjo - Santa Cruz, California, USA
12. Larry Kasin - flute - San Anselmo, California, USA
13. Edna Love - main vocal - San Francisco, California, USA
14. Waahid Jones - percussion - Oakland, California USA
15. Mark Anthony Calderon - bass - San Francisco, California, USA
16. Jeremy Hoenig - small hand drums - San Francisco, California, USA

Sittin' in the mornin' sun
I'll be sittin' when the evenin' come
Watching the ships roll in
And then I watch 'em roll away again, yeah

I'm sittin' on the dock of the bay
Watching the tide roll away
Ooo, I'm just sittin' on the dock of the bay
Wastin' time

I left my home in Georgia
Headed for the 'Frisco bay
'Cause I've had nothing to live for
And look like nothin's gonna come my way

So I'm just gonna sit on the dock of the bay
Watching the tide roll away
Ooo, I'm sittin' on the dock of the bay
Wastin' time

Look like nothing's gonna change
Everything still remains the same
I can't do what ten people tell me to do
So I guess I'll remain the same, yes

Sittin' here resting my bones
And this loneliness won't leave me alone
It's two thousand miles I roamed
Just to make this dock my home

Now, I'm just gonna sit at the dock of the bay
Watching the tide roll away
Oooo-wee, sittin' on the dock of the bay
Wastin' time

(whistle)

III. "Reach Out"
written & donated by Jestoo
Accra, Ghana
original vocals recorded June 21, 2010
Jerusalem Restaurant, Accra, Ghana
2 country collaboration / 10 musicians

Ghanian musicians:
1. Jestoo - main vocal - Jestoo - Accra, Ghana
2. Consainor, the healer - 1st backing vocal - Accra, Ghana

American musicians:
3. Garrin Benfield - 2nd backing vocal & acoustic guitar - San Francisco, California, USA
4. James Whiton - stand up electric bass - Alameda, California, USA
5. Jordan Feinsein - rhode keys - San Francisco, California, USA
6. Waahid Jones - conga, woodblock, bell tree - Oakland, California, USA
7. Larry Kasin - flute - San Anselmo, California, USA
8. Jeff Coleman - hammond & clavinet keys - Orinda, California, USA
9. Alan Williams - trombone - San Francisco, California, USA
10. John Harrington - trumpet - Walnut Creek, California, USA

IV. "Jam in the Garden"
written, performed, and donated by Local Dimension
originally recorded June 9, 2010
Botanical Garden, University of Accra, Ghana
2 county collaboration / 14 musicians

Ghanian musicians:
1. Mark Millas [aka Fish,Bass guitar]
2.Kofi Kudonu Labayile [lead guitar]
3.Aaron Bebe Sukura [Seperewa]
4.Okutu Moses [Kpanlogo drums/Congas ]
5.Bernard Quashie [Gome Drum]
6.Mohammed Montala Karim [Donno]

American musicians:
1. Paul Havrella - glass with nail - San Pedro, California , USA
2. Unity Nguyen - kora - Berkeley, California, USA
3. Derek Bodkin - banjo - Santa Cruz, California, USA
4. Waahid Jones - steel drum - Oakland, California, USA
5. Aaron Kaplan - electric Guitar - Manhattan Beach, California, USA
6. Jeff Coleman- synth keys - Orinda, California, USA
7. Larry Kassin - flute - San Anselmo, California, USA
8. James Whiton - upright bowed bass - Alameda, California, USA

V. "Sawubona"
"Hello"
written, performed, and donated by Bozoe
originally recorded June 26, 2010
Johannesburg, South Africa
2 country collaboration / 13 musicians

South African Musicians
1. Bozoe - acoustic guitar & lead voice - Johannesburg, South Africa
2. Thandani "Mlasto" Mlala - backing vocals - Johannesburg, South Africa
3. Thembile "Snypper" Tshuma - percussion - Johannesburg, South Africa

American musicians

4. Paul Havrella- percussion - San Pedro, California, USA
5. Jeremy Hoenig - percussion - San Francisco, California, USA
6. Waahid Jones - percussion - Oakland, California, USA
7. John Howland - lap steel guitar - San Francisco, California, USA
8. Aaron Kaplan - electric guitar - Manhattan Beach, California, USA
9. Christopher Zanardi - acoustic guitar - San Carlos, California, USA
10. Michael Manring - bass - Oakland, California, USA
11. Derek Bodkin - banjo - San Cruz, California, USA
12. Larry Kasin - flute - San Anselmo, California, USA
13. Jeff Coleman - piano - Orinda, California, USA

Translation:
SAWUBONA-HELLOE!

Zhiya hooo!
He umm! ( appraisal gesture, to marvel at the beauty of nature)

You so beautiful
king of peace
when you rise from the east
you resemble a flower blossoming in the wilderness
there is a rush of blood in my veins
marelling at your beauty. i sweat like a pot of maturing beer!
because, you have blossomed oh! beauty of nature

HELLOE! repeatedly!

now tell me, where on earth do you dwell
who are your siblings
come closer and whisper to my ears oh!
heroine! ( female heroe)

where do you hide yourself
when you disappear off the face of the earth (unison)

HELLOE!

then as we repeat the chorus, we use six different Southern African languages to say hello!

how are you doing
how did you sleep and
how did you wake up
coz as we marvel at this beauty that
has blossomed in the wilderness, we
can not help but wonder:
where do you hide yourself
when you disappear off the face of the earth (unison)

Thank you
to God be the Glory 2010
In this context, this beauty of nature that has blossomed
like a flower in the wilderness is the SUN!

VI. "Africa, my continent"
written, performed and donated by Bozoe
originally recorded June 25, 2010
Johannesburg, South Africa
2 country collaboration / 9 musicians

South African Musicians
1. Bozoe - acoustic guitar & lead voice - Johannesburg, South Africa
2. Thandani "Mlasto" Mlala - backing vocals - Johannesburg, South Africa

American musicians
3. Garrin Benfield - 2nd acoustic guitar - - San Francisco, California, USA
4. Christopher Zanardi - electric guitar - San Carlos, California, USA
5. Stephen Perkins - stick percussion & marble bag - Los Angeles, California, USA
6. Michael Manring - fretless bass - Oakland, California, USA
7. James Whiton - upright electric bass - Alameda, California, USA
8. Larry Kassin - flute - San Anselmo, California, USA
9. Unity Nguyen - kora - Berkeley, California, USA

Zulu translation:

oh! how wonderful and big is our
African continent, so welcoming!
it welcomes you no matter where you from
cradle of humanity!
beautiful Africa! ( 2 times)

The continent of Africa! (repeatedly)

it used to be covered in darkness
there were no roads, there were no health care facilities
it was more of a dessert. ( 2 times)

but now open your eyes and see!
its so bright! its so clear in Africa, we have hosted the
biggest soccer spectacle in the world, we welcome
tourists in multitudes, there s a road network
from Cape to Cairo

final stanza
it is the brightness of sparkling stars
the whiteness of pure snow
oh! sithi! zhem! olala!
zhem! olale! (appraisal gesture)
indeed, there is brightness in Africa
now let's unite Africans
together with the rest of the world
and become a united, un breakeable front
and say! zhem! olala!
zhem! olale! (appraisal gesture)
so that we will indeed keep Africa shining!

VII. "I'll Fly Away"
originally by Alfred E. Brumley

Composed in 1929, Brumley recalled that he was picking cotton near Spiro, Oklahoma, and singing the popular song, "If I Had The Wings Of An Angel". Suddenly, he thought about flying away. Quote, "actually, I was dreaming of flying away from that cotton field when I wrote I'll Fly Away". That thought, of course, like the thoughts that underlay all his many songs, was based upon his own deep spiritual convictions.
root tracks recorded April 28, 2010
Studio 352, San Francisco, California, USA
3 country collaboration / 13 musicians & 1 choir

Ghanian musicians:
1. Okutu Moses - Kpanlogo drums/Congas - Accra, Ghana
2. Bernard Quashi - Gome Drum - Accra, Ghana
3. Mohammed Montala Karim - Karim [Donno] - Accra, Ghana
4. Holy Generation International Choir - directed by Rev. Antwi Ansti - Accra, Ghana

South African musicians
5. Inxs Herman - Trap Set - Johannesburg, South Africa
6. Tu Nowke - Backing vocals - Johannesburg, South Africa

American musicians
7. Samantha Stollenwerk - main vocal - Santa Monica, California, USA
8. Jeremy Hoenig - hand made drums - San Francisco, California, USA
9. Mark Anthony Calderon - bass - San Francisco, California, USA
10. Jordan Feinstein - organ & grand piano - San Francisco, California, USA
11. Garrin Benfield - acoustic guitar - San Francisco, California, USA
12. Derek Bodkin - banjo - Santa Cruz, California, USA
13. Larry Kassin - flute - San Anselmo, California, USA
14. Waahid Jones - stick & snake shaker, bell tree - Oakland, California, USA

Some glad morning when this life is o'er, I'll fly away;
To a home on God's celestial shore, I'll fly away.

I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away;
When I die, Hallelujah, by and by, I'll fly away.

When the shadows of this life have grown, I'll fly away;
Like a bird from prison bars has flown, I'll fly away.

I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away;
When I die, Hallelujah, by and by, I'll fly away.

Just a few more weary days and then, I'll fly away;
To a land where joys shall never end, I'll fly away.

I'll fly away, O glory, I'll fly away;
When I die, Hallelujah, by and by, I'll fly away.

VIII. "Hello To Me"
written and donated by Jordan Feinstein
root tracks recorded April 28, 2010
Studio 352, San Francisco, California, USA
3 country collaboration / 21 musicians & 1 choir

Ghanian musicians?1. Jestoo - 1st vocal - Accra, Ghana?2. Rocky Dawuni - main vocal - Accra, Ghana?3. Philip Otery Andoh - kitchen drum set - Abrafo-Odumasi, Ghana?4. Okutu Moses-kpanlogo drums/congas - Accra, Ghana?5. Bernard Quashie-gome drum - Accra, Ghana?6. Mohammed Montala Karim - donno drum - Accra, Ghana
South African musicians?7. Tu Nokwe - backing vocal - Johannesburg, South Africa?8. The Amajika Choir - vocal solo section at end of track - Johannesburg, South Africa
American musicians?9. Jordan Feinstein - 2nd vocal & keys - San Francisco, California, USA?10. Ed Ivey - tuba - San Francisco, California, USA?11. Larry Kassin - flute- San Anselmo, California, USA?12. Cecil "P-Nut" Daniels - midi sax- Burlingame, California, USA?13. Alan Williams - trombone - San Francisco, California, USA?14. Jon Harrington - trumpet- Walnut Creek, California, USA?15. Aaron Kaplan-electric guitar- Manhattan Beach, California, USA?16. Christopher Zanardi - acoustic guitar - San Carlos, California, USA?17. Jon Howland - lapsteel guitar - San Francisco, California, USA?18. Tom Freun - ukelele - Santa Monica, California, USA?19. Lucas Carlton - trap set - Oakland, California, USA?20. Jeremy Hoenig - handmade drums - San Francisco, California, USA?21. Stephen Perkins-5 small connected drums - Los Angeles, California, USA?22. Waahid Jones - bell tree tower - Oakland, California, USA

Verse 1:
When I’m walkin’ down the street
No one stops to say hello
We all just look the other way
somewhere that we need to go

Would it be too much trouble
Not to pass me by
We’re all to busy or afraid
To stop and say(get) hi (high)

Chorus:
Why don’t you say (why don’t you say)
Hello to me-he-he(Hello to me-he-he)
Why don’t you say (why don’t you say)
Hello to me-he-he(Hello to me-he-he)

Verse 2:
You may live in San Francisco
London or Jerusalem
less you live in a real small town
There’s the same thing goin’ down
Say hello to your father
Mayor and policeman too
They’re not tryin’ to bust you or mistrust you
They just got a job to do

Chorus

Bridge:
So many people – so alone
a million people call this city their home
Could we change our reality?
million people and they’re just like you and me

Verse 3:
I’m not tryin to sound preachy
Must be something I can do
I know there’s something you can teach me
How to say hello to you

Chorus and out

IX. "Ukuphala"
"Thanking, reporting, asking"
Originally recorded June 25, 2010
Johannesburg, South Africa
2 country collaboration / 6 musicians

South African musicians:
1. Intombendala uBavikile - Umakhweyana
2. Sphesihle Ngema - backing vocals and dance
3. Ngqo Sthole - backing vocals and dance

American musicians
4. Michael Manring - bass - Oakland, California, USA
5. Christopher Zanardi - electric guitar - San Carlos, California, USA
6. Paul Havrella - ballaphone - San Pedro, California, USA

Princess Magogo is the name of the real late Princess of the Zulu's who made this instrument UMAKHWEYANA popular. the Royal house is stil in reign in Zululand.
Gogo means granny. We call the lady playing umakweyana "Gogo". It is a sign of respect to place the word uGogo before her name; She uses "Intombendala uBavikile" as her stage name.

Zulu Translation:
She is calling out to her ancestor GRANNY to be with her, it is a traditional way of praying called "UKUPHAHLA" (thanking, reporting, asking)

GOGO WAM UZUBE NAM LA UKHONA….my granny, please be with me where-ever you are
WE MADLABA WEN'UZUBENAMI LA UKHONA…(name) be with me where-ever you are)
GOGO WAMI WEN'UZUBE NAMI….(you-my granny be with me)
GOGO WAMI WENA HLALA NAMI….(you-my granny go with me)

The extra rap that she does is a praise to herself; who she is, her lineage, going down many generations mentioning her family names & history connected to her surname. This is done to give the person praising power & to remind self that one is never alone

X. "Bana bayalla"
"Children are crying"
written, performed, and donated by The Bzwanyubz Tribe
Originally recorded June 25, 2010
Johannesburg, South Africa
2 country collaberation / 7 musicians

South African musicians
1. King Bzorobzarabza (Sebone Rangata) - djembay and lead vocals
2. Ayanda Nhlangothi - backing vocals
3. Mabeleng Moholo - percussions

American musicians
4. Michael Manring- bass -Oakland, California, USA
5. Jeremy Hoenig - percussion - San Francisco, California, USA
6. Waahid Jones - bell tree & vibraslap, Oakland, California, USA
7. Stephen Perkins- hand drums - Los Angeles, California, USA

Zulu Translation

Kere bana baya lla………..The children are crying
Ba llela motswadi wa bona……….They are crying for their mother
Kere motswadi o sepetse bosiu bja maabane…..I am saying the mother left last night
Le lesogana stoke………with a young man

Kere motswadi o motswadi yo mobjane………..What kind of mother are you?
Wago siya bana ka tlala……………Leaving the kids alone without cooking for them
Wa herema masiugare………Roaming the streets during night time
Le masogana stoke………Flurting with different men

Uwooo yeiyeee
Uwooo yeiyeee
Uwooo yeiyeee

Drum solos

Uwooo yeiyeee
Uwooo yeiyeee
Uwooo Yeiyeee

Djembe solos
END

XI. "Batho baya ntsheya"
"People are laughing at me"
written, performed, and donated by The Bzwanyubz Tribe
originally recorded June 25, 2010
Johannesburg, South Africa
2 country collaboration / 7 musicians

South African musicians:
1. King Bzorobzarabza (Sebone Rangata) - marimba & lead vocals
2. Ayanda Nhlangothi - backing vocals
3. Mabeleng Moholo - percussions

American musicians:?4. Paul Havrella - oil drum & conga - San Pedro, California
5. Jeremy Hoenig - percussion - SF, CA
6. John Howland - lapsteel - SF, CA
7. Aaron Kaplan - electric guitar - Manhattan Beach, CA

Zulu Translation

Hiye iyee hiye ooma……….(Crying) oh mother!
Bakwena wee………My great ancestors I respect
baila lehlaka………The great great ones who protect us
baroka ba meetse a pula………I am asking for your protection

kere batho baya ntsheya nna……….People are laughing at me
bare ke mpara ya dimparapara…….They say I am a fool because I am from a poor family
bare nna keja those………..In my family there are no academic people
gake dibone di ntshiya morago………..I am not well educated I am a fool

kagore nna ke dula ka sehlakeng………Because I live in a old thatched house
geke bolela nna tsaka gadi kwagale……When I speak , No one listens, no one
takes me seriously
kagore nna kageso gagona mathitshere…….Because in my family there are no teachers
bare ke mpara ya dimparapara………..They say I am a fool of the foolist

XII. "African Grace"
3 country collaboration / 4 musicians
Nobuhle's vocals recorded June 26, 2010

1. Nobuhle Manqele - lead vocal - Johannesburg, South Africa
2. Jestoo - second vocal - Accra, Ghana
3. Derek Bodkin - banjo - Santa Cruz, California, USA
4. DJ Motion Potion - keys & re-mix master - San Francisco, California, USA

Zulu translation - female - Nobuhle

Nangu' mthokozisi(X3)……here's the one who gives us joy
Ngempel'usemhlabeni uvela ezulwini……really,he's in the world
kuyakuhlanzwa konke okusenhlizyweni……all that is in the heart is cleansed
Ziyoba mhlophe qwa……will be pure white
zohlanzwa yebo na……will they be cleansed
Nangu nangu' mthozisi (X3)……here here's the one who gives us joy

TWI translation - male - Jestoo
"We are full of praises for what God has done".